The Best Years of Artificial Intelligence, 1960s
During this decade, computers became more accessible, they were constantly being modernized, and they were already capable of storing and processing large amounts of information. Machine learning algorithms were not far behind:
Work with specific systems began: the first computer programs appeared that simulated a specialist in a specific field. There were two components: a dialog box and an information base. Then they developed the DENDRAL system, which determined the structure of any molecule of organic compounds.
DENDRAL
The first neural networks facebook data package appeared that could learn from information and solve problems. They were called "perceptrons" and could, for example, understand what kind of number a person had written by hand.
It was during this period that the LISP programming language appeared, which became the foundation for the study of artificial intelligence.
In 1966, the first chatbot ELIZA appeared, it could communicate in a language familiar to us and worked like a psychotherapist. It was created by the American scientist Joseph Weizenbaum.
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1970s–80s: AI's Decline and Revival
Politicians bet heavily on scientists, wanted more breakthroughs and fresh ideas, and so poured large sums into this industry. But their expectations were mostly not met, there was no way to keep up with the set pace, so funding was cut back significantly.
A new wave of interest and money began because of the competition between America and England with Japan. After all, already in those years the Japanese built a robot that looked like a human and could think, it was called WABOT-1.
The decline and renaissance of AI
Developments of Western scientists of that time:
the MYCIN system, which was able to recognize meningitis and calculate the dose of drugs for its treatment;
The ability to train neural networks has become more efficient due to the advent of backpropagation algorithms.
Between 1990 and 2000, machines learned to play with humans and beat them
This and much more became possible because powerful algorithms emerged that trained them. For example:
Grandmaster Garry Kasparov, already the reigning chess champion, lost to IBM's Deep Blue system in 1997.
During these same years, software appeared that learned to recognize speech; it was called Dragon Systems, and it ran on Windows.
In the late 1990s, an artificial humanoid emerged that was taught to understand emotions and even show them; it was called Kismet.
In 2002, artificial intelligence became a part of everyday people's lives in the form of the Roomba robot vacuum cleaner.
In 2004, NASA's Opportunity and Spirit robots flew to Mars to explore its surface without humans.
In 2009, Google began developing technology for cars that could be driven without human assistance. They managed to pass a self-driving test.