This effect was discovered by E.

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The Hall effect is a galvanomagnetic phenomenon and consists in the fact that under the action of a magnetic field perpendicular to the electric current, electrons in the material are deflected perpendicular to both the direction of the electric current and the magnetic field. With the help of the Hall effect, it became possible to understand the essence of conductivity processes in semiconductors and draw a line between semiconductors and other types of poorly conducting materials. This is due to the fact that measuring the Hall EMF (potential difference), which occurs in the material perpendicular to portugal mobile database direction of the electric current and the external magnetic field, makes it possible to directly determine the concentration and sign of charge carriers. The latter makes it possible to determine whether the material belongs to a particular type of semiconductor (p or n-type). Measurements of the Hall effect make it possible to separate the case of ionic conductivity from the case of electronic conductivity. The presence of the Hall effect in conductors and semiconductors indicates the electronic nature of conductivity. With the help of the Hall effect, it is possible to obtain data on the mobility of charge carriers (the so-called "Hall" mobility). Thus, it can be considered that the Hall effect is one of the most effective methods for studying the electrical properties of semiconductor materials.

Hall in 1879. The essence of the phenomenon is as follows. If a metal or semiconductor plate, through which current passes, is placed in a magnetic field directed perpendicular to the current lines (Fig. 5), then a potential difference arises in it in the direction perpendicular to the current and the magnetic field.

The effect is based on the interaction between electric charges and magnetic fields. Any charged particle moving in a magnetic field experiences the action of the Lorentz force, the direction of which is perpendicular to the direction of the particle's motion and the direction of the magnetic field. The magnitude of this force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge q, the particle's velocity v, and the magnetic field's induction:

(0.1)

For metals and n-type semiconductors q = -|e|, where |e| is the modulus of the electron charge.

Vector product modulus: